"""
A pure Python implementation of the quick sort algorithm

For doctests run following command:
python3 -m doctest -v quick_sort.py

For manual testing run:
python3 quick_sort.py
"""
from __future__ import annotations


def quick_sort(collection: list) -> list:
    """A pure Python implementation of quick sort algorithm

    :param collection: a mutable collection of comparable items
    :return: the same collection ordered by ascending

    Examples:
    >>> quick_sort([0, 5, 3, 2, 2])
    [0, 2, 2, 3, 5]
    >>> quick_sort([])
    []
    >>> quick_sort([-2, 5, 0, -45])
    [-45, -2, 0, 5]
    """
    if len(collection) < 2:
        return collection
    pivot = collection.pop()  # Use the last element as the first pivot
    greater: list[int] = []  # All elements greater than pivot
    lesser: list[int] = []  # All elements less than or equal to pivot
    for element in collection:
        (greater if element > pivot else lesser).append(element)
    return quick_sort(lesser) + [pivot] + quick_sort(greater)


if __name__ == "__main__":
    user_input = input("Enter numbers separated by a comma:\n").strip()
    unsorted = [int(item) for item in user_input.split(",")]
    print(quick_sort(unsorted))

Problem Statement

Given an unsorted array of n elements, write a function to sort the array

Approach

• Make the right-most index value pivot
• partition the array using pivot value
• quicksort left partition recursively
• quicksort right partition recursively

Time Complexity

• O(n^2) Worst case performance
• O(n log n) Best-case performance
• O(n log n) Average performance

Space Complexity

O(log n) Worst case

Founder's Name

Tony Hoare in 1959

Example

arr[] = {10, 80, 30, 90, 40, 50, 70}
Indexes:  0   1   2   3   4   5   6

low = 0, high =  6, pivot = arr[h] = 70
Initialize index of smaller element, i = -1

Traverse elements from j = low to high-1
j = 0 : Since arr[j] <= pivot, do i++ and swap(arr[i], arr[j])
i = 0
arr[] = {10, 80, 30, 90, 40, 50, 70} // No change as i and j
                                     // are same

j = 1 : Since arr[j] > pivot, do nothing
// No change in i and arr[]

j = 2 : Since arr[j] <= pivot, do i++ and swap(arr[i], arr[j])
i = 1
arr[] = {10, 30, 80, 90, 40, 50, 70} // We swap 80 and 30

j = 3 : Since arr[j] > pivot, do nothing
// No change in i and arr[]

j = 4 : Since arr[j] <= pivot, do i++ and swap(arr[i], arr[j])
i = 2
arr[] = {10, 30, 40, 90, 80, 50, 70} // 80 and 40 Swapped
j = 5 : Since arr[j] <= pivot, do i++ and swap arr[i] with arr[j]
i = 3
arr[] = {10, 30, 40, 50, 80, 90, 70} // 90 and 50 Swapped

We come out of loop because j is now equal to high-1.
Finally we place pivot at correct position by swapping
arr[i+1] and arr[high] (or pivot)
arr[] = {10, 30, 40, 50, 70, 90, 80} // 80 and 70 Swapped

Now 70 is at its correct place. All elements smaller than
70 are before it and all elements greater than 70 are after
it.

Code Implementation Links

• Java
• C++
• Python
• Ruby

Video Explanation

A video explaining the Quick Sort Algorithm